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SERVICEy MISSIONS 
\6CIENCE and 




BY 

W-W-REEN • MD-LLD 



BOSTON- MASS 

i^^MERICW-BAPTIST-MISSIONAFy- UNION- 




F 

"^v:^ 



/ 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 
TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 



"The Presidential Address de- 
livered before the American 
Baptist Missionary Union^ at 
Dayton^ Ohio^ May 21^ i()o6^ by 
W. W. Keen, M. D., LL. D. 



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UNION, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 

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THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 
TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 



FATHERS AND BRETHREN ! Mr. William A. 
Munroe, whom you elected your President 
a year ago passed to his reward August 26, 
1905. Death, which treads with equal step in 
cottage and palace, has robbed us of a noble leader. 
Those who knew him best loved him most. The 
Union will give fitting expression to our sorrow, 
but I cannot refrain in these few words from la- 
menting the great loss which the church and the 
cause of missions has suffered in his death. 

Upon me, therefore, devolves the duty of ad- 
dressing you at the opening of this, the ninety- 
second session of the American Baptist Missionary 
Union. I have chosen as my theme " The Service 
of Missions to Science and Society." I can only 
give a very brief outline of a few of the most im- 
portant services, for the more they are investigated 
the larger do they loom upon our vision. 

Even before the era of modern missions the con- 
nection between missions and science was well 
recognized, for Robert Boyle, the philosopher and 
founder of the Royal Society in 1660, laid it down 
as the especial object of that institution to propa- 

3 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

gate Christianity along with and through litera- 
ture and science. He was also the founder of the 
first Protestant society for the propagation of the 
gospel. Leibnitz, in planning the Berlin Academy, 
included the same idea in its scope, and thence it 
extended to other similar societies in Halle, Wit- 
tenberg, Vienna and St. Petersburg. 

AN EVOLUTION IN MISSIONS 

The idea in the minds of our first modern mis- 
sionaries was, naturally, that their duty was solely 
to preach the gospel. This was, still is, and ever 
must be their chief function. 

But they were*! soon compelled by circumstances 
to broaden thieir' ideas of duty. Who could see 
dense ignorance * all around him without yearning 
to teach the people so that they might at least read 
the word of God and be able to communicate with 
each other in writing? Naturally it would quickly 
be perceived that the more plastic mind of child- 
hood would profit most by such teaching. Hence 
the origin of schools, of the printing-press, and of 
translations of the Bible and of other books. Many 
of these people had only a spoken language, and to 
teach reading and writing, the language must be 
reduced to writing, thus requiring skilled philolo- 
gists. 

4 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

The ravages of disease, as a result of ignorance, 
filth and superstition, inevitably caused attempts to 
teach the first principles of sanitation often combined 
with elementary medical treatment, and hence the 
medical missionary, the hospital, and other agencies 
to ameliorate the physical sufferings and suppress 
the physical vices of the heathen world. In other 
words, there has been an evolution in missions as 
inevitable as it is desirable. 

Moreover, even the most devoted missionary 
must have some recreation, for that ** all work and 
no play makes Jack a dull boy " is doubly true of 
one banished from family, home and country. 
What was more natural than to write full descrip- 
tions of the geography of the country, of the manners 
and customs of strange peoples and of the curious 
animal and vegetable forms seen on all sides ? 
Thus literary, scientific and sociological studies 
are seen to be a normal and indeed unavoidable 
outgrowth from missions, especially in their later 
and fuller development — what in commerce would 
be called important " by-products." 

Moreover, the missionaries of today are not 
simply the pious, devoted enthusiasts of the past. 
All missionary societies, our own among them, rec- 
ognize the fact that they must provide men who 
are trained experts as well as earnest Christians, if 
they would reap the largest harvest. Hence our 

5 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

training schools to fit them for their work. Hence, 
too, the splendid student volunteer movement 
which will add in the next four years annually a 
thousand trained young men and women from our 
colleges and universities — four full regiments -— 
to the ranks of this devoted army of the Church 
militant, destined to be also the Church triumph- 
ant. 

THE MANIFOLD SERVICE OF THE MISSIONARY 

You will observe thus that the entire conception 
of foreign missions has changed from the early days 
of Carey and Judson. Then, as has been eloquently 
set forth by Rev. Dr. Sidney L. Gulick, the 
missionary devoted himself to the individual pagan, 
now to the community and its entire welfare, 
as well as to that of the individual ; then to preach- 
ing the gospel of righteousness alone, now he 
adds to this the gospel of cleanliness; then 
he was an expert only in the Scriptures now 
he makes all science, philanthropy, literature 
and learning, in a word, all service to society as 
well as to religion, his efficient aids in winning 
souls to our Lord Jesus Christ. 

" The missionary," says Dr. Gulick, " is now 
seen to be not merely saving a few individuals from 
the general wreck of the pagan world, but planting 
a new life which will transform that world and 

6 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

bring It into the kingdom of God. . . . Christ must 
be made King in our organized life as communities, 
and thus society be saved, even as he has been made 
Savior of individuals. . . . The newer well-bal- 
anced sociological conception of foreign missions is 
one which, while it does not forget man's individ- 
ual nature and value, does emphasize strongly the 
thought that only as society is transformed with 
the individual is the individual fully saved. For- 
eign missions in all their activities aim at the double 
purpose of saving both individuals and society — 
the establishment of the kingdom of God through 
the production of children of God.*' ^ 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 
When Benjamin W. Crowninshield objected to 
granting the charter of the American Board of 
Commissioners for Foreign Missions on the ground 
that it ** would export religion, whereas there was 
none to spare among ourselves," he forgot that 
" religion is a commodity of which the more we 
export the more we have remaining." ^ But he also, 
unconsciously, recognized and recorded the fact that 
in one very proper sense religion is a valuable 
national product and its export an untold blessing 
to entire nations who receive it. 

1 Gulick : The Modem Conception of Foreign Missions, 
The Outlook^ Nov. 4, 1905, p. 563. Vide infra^ note I, p. 40. 
2 Pierson: The Crisis of Missions, p. 191. 
7 



riHE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

Naturally, I am especially interested in the won- 
derful development of medical missions, not only 
because it is my chosen profession, but because so 
many of my own students are doing the Master 
such good service in Japan, Korea, China, India, 
Siam, Persia and Syria. 

Our Lord himself was the first medical mission- 
ary, for he " went about doing good " during all 
his ministry, and most of his miracles were for the 
healing of bodily ailments. 

The medical missionary often finds that his pro- 
fessional services open the door to his Christian 
teaching. Notable instances are the favors extended 
to missionaries and their hospitals by Li Hung 
Chang, and the career of Dr. H. N. Allen, whose 
services to a wounded Korean prince led to the in- 
troduction of modern missions into Korea, and to 
Dr. Allen's being appointed American minister 
by two Presidents. 

Dr. Peter Parker, the first medical missionary 
of the American Board, ^ " had great difficulty in 
securing a building, and when it was ready no 
patients came the first day. On the second, a 
woman courageously trusted herself in the hands 
of the foreigner. Next day half a dozen came, en- 
couraged by her success, and soon the street was 
iuU. So anxious were they to secure his services 

1 Ely Volume : Missions and Science, p. 411. 
8 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

that even women of the better class stayed in the 
street all night, so as to secure an early admission. 
Long lines of sedan-chairs almost choked up the 
narrow lane. Great men with their attendants 
waited their turn to see the foreign doctor. As 
many as a thousand were waiting at once, and there 
was danger that people would be injured by the 
pressure. Sometimes blind people from a far-off 
village clubbed together to charter a boat to Can- 
ton, and then waited four or five days after their 
arrival till there was a vacancy for new patients." 
One Chinese wheeled his blind old mother a thou- 
sand miles, nearly twice as far as from here (Day- 
ton, Ohio), to Philadelphia, in a wheelbarrow to 
consult one of my own students. ^ 

The medical development of missions, it is inter- 
esting for us to note, is especially British and Amer- 
ican. In 1899 Dr. Dennis^ states that (ex- 
clusive of the physicians of the Countess of Duf- 
ferin's fund, a philanthropic but not strictly a mis- 
sionary agency) there were " 338 American, 288 
British and 27 Canadian medical missionaries in 
the various fields, as compared with 20, the total 
number for all the societies of Continental Europe, 
and 7 for Australasia. . . . The admirable services, 

1 Dennis : Christian Missions and Social Progress, ii. 
193. (In later references to *' Dennis," this work is meant un- 
less his other work is specified). 

2 Ibid. ii. 402. 
9 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

moreover, rendered by the skilled nurses sent out 
from some of the European societies, especially by 
the Kaiserswerth Deaconesses, should be carefully 
noted here as contributing much to the efficiency 
of medical and surgical practice in the hospitals/* 

These medical missionaries have introduced anes- 
thetics which abolish pain, vaccination which ban- 
ishes smallpox, and the intelligent treatment of 
other epidemics (for example, the plague and 
cholera which make such awful havoc in the teem- 
ing centers of Oriental life), and antiseptic sur- 
gery which saves thousands of lives and untold 
suffering. 

But the West as well as the East owes not a 
little to the medical missionary. Perhaps the one 
most useful drug in medicine is quinine, and the 
world owes it to the Jesuit missionaries of South 
America. Before the chemists extracted its active 
principle it was originally administered as the pul- 
verized bark of the cinchona tree, and was popu- 
larly known as " Jesuits* bark ; " while Calabar 
bean, the Kola nut, and Strophanthus, valuable 
modern remedies, we owe to Dr. Nassau, an 
African missionary. Much of our knowledge of 
cataract, lithotomy, elephantiasis, leprosy, and 
many other tropical diseases comes from medical 
missionaries, since these disorders are either pecu- 
liar to the tropics or are very prevalent there. 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

THE GOSPEL OF CLEANLINESS 

That godliness is profitable for the life that now 
IS as well as that which is to come was most evi- 
dent to me in Nellore. Dr. Downie did not 
need to point out to us that this house was that 
of a Christian convert, and that of an unconverted 
native, for one look was enough to distinguish them. 
The former was clean and neat, free from accumu- 
lation of filth, and showed every evidence of thrift 
and orderly comfort, while the latter was its un- 
sanitary counterpart. That today the greatest 
physical need of India and Burma is decent sani- 
tation was most evident when we smelled the de- 
cayed fish diet of the native Burmese ; and in India 
saw hundreds of pilgrims drinking the green scum- 
covered water of many a temple tank. We also saw 
hundreds of others standing in the river, waist-deep, 
drinking the foul water of the Ganges at Benares, 
while other hundreds at their elbows were washing 
themselves and their clothing in the river, with 
decaying bodies of animals floating on the tide, 
and a large sewer delivering its filth into the same 
stream less than three hundred feet away. Is not 
the preaching of cleanliness in such a community 
as truly missionary work as preaching the gospel ? 

Dr. Dennis again ^ sums up the results in 

^ Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions. 
II 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

1902, when there were 379 hospitals and 783 dis- 
pensaries ministering to 6,500,000 patients annually 
in Asia, Africa and Oceanica, and 67 medical and 
nurses' training schools, with 631 pupils. What 
do not these figures represent in lives, in comfort, 
in happiness and hope for this world and often for 
the next! 

Under the influence of missionary societies and 
the Lady Duiferin Association, the attitude of the 
people of India toward the education of women, 
and especially their medical education, is rapidly 
changing. The Lady Dufferin Association in 1898 
had 240 native women students, and the North 
India School of Medicine for Christian Women, 
in which my friend and former student, Dr. Anna 
M. FuUerton, is so active, is doing a similar worL 

CHRISTIANITY A PRACTICAL FORCE 

Christian altruism is a new idea to the heathen 
world. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, 
neglect and often abandonment of the suffer- 
ing and the unfortunate is the rule of conduct. 
Service to others for Christ's sake and be- 
cause every man, being a child of the same 
Heavenly Father, is a brother, is to them a 
startling anomaly. What a deep and lasting im- 
pression then must be made upon their minds by the 
533 orphanages, foundling asylums, homes for in- 

12 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

fants, leper hospitals, schools for the blind, the 
deaf and dumb, opium refuges, homes for widows 
and orphans, and asylums for the insane carried 
on by self-sacrificing and devoted men and women 
who give up their time, their labor, their talents, 
and often their health, and even their lives in the 
service of suifering fellow human beings! What- 
ever the people may think of Christianity as a sys- 
tem of religion, these beautiful, bountiful and un- 
selfish ministries for the sick, the suffering and 
the unfortunate must appeal strongly and con- 
stantly to their common humanity. Where has 
heathenism a similar philanthropic roll of honor? 

Says Giddings :^ " The successive world-empires 
of Persia, Macedonia and Rome prepared the way 
for the Christian conception of universal brother- 
hood. So long as this conception was nothing more 
than an esoteric affirmation that all men are 
brothers, because they are children of one Father, 
it made but little impression upon the social mind; 
but when by the genius of St. Paul it was con- 
verted into an ideal, into the doctrine that all men 
through a spiritual renewing may become brothers, 
the new faith underwent a transformation like that 
which converted the ethnic into the civic conception 
of the state, and Christianity became the most tre- 
mendous power in history. Gradually it has been 
1 Principles of Sociology, p. 360. 
13 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

realizing its ideal, until, today, a Christian phil- 
anthropy and a Christian missionary enterprise, 
rapidly outgrowing the esoteric sentimentalism of 
their youth, and devoting themselves to the diffu- 
sion of knowledge, to the improvement of condi- 
tions, and to the upbuilding of character, are unit- 
ing the classes and races of men in a spiritual 
humanity," ^ 

Well may Sir Charles Aitchison, a former lieu- 
tenant-governor of the Punjab, say : ^ " Apart from 
the strictly Christian aspect of the question, I 
should, from a purely administrative point of view, 
deplore the drying up of Christian liberality to mis- 
sions as a most lamentable check to social and moral 
progress and a serious injury to the best interests 
of the people;" or Sir Charles Warren, governor 
of Natal : "' For the preservation of peace between 
the colonists and the natives one missionary is worth 
a battalion of soldiers." ^ 

Besides his strictly evangelistic efforts, the mis- 
sionary will and, indeed, must inculcate the plain 
social virtues, honesty, sobriety, frugality, and in- 
dustry so lauded by Franklin. They are as foreign 
to the heathen world as is the Christian altruism, of 
which I have above spoken. But without them there 

1 Italics my own. w. w. K. 
2 Dennis, ii. 407. 
^ Vide infra^ note 2, p. 40. 
14 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

can be little social progress. One of the greatest 
services missionaries have rendered has been in 
demonstrating these virtues in their own lives and 
enforcing them upon their converts. It is a serv- 
ice to society of simply untold value. Listen, for 
instance, to the testimony of Alfred Russell Wal- 
lace, Darv^an's great compeer: 

" The missionaries have much to be proud of in 
this country [the Celebes]. They have assisted 
the government in changing a savage into a civi- 
lized community in a wonderfully short space of 
time. Forty years ago the country was a wilder- 
ness, the people naked savages, garnishing their 
rude houses with human heads. Now it is a gar- 
den, worthy of its sweet native name of * Mina- 
hasa.' Good roads and paths traverse it in every 
direction;^ some of the finest coffee plantations in 
the world surround the villages, interspersed with 
extensive rice-fields, more than sufficient for the 
support of the population. The people are now the 
most industrious, peaceable, and civilized in the 
whole archipelago. They are the best clothed, the 
best housed, the best fed, and the best educated; 
and they have made some progress toward a higher 
social state.'' ^ 

Or to the testimony of a cold official British 

^ Wallace : The Malay Archipelago, i. 397. 
IS 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

Blue Book : " Insensibly a higher standard of moral 
conduct is becoming familiar to the people." ^ 

Is not this an enviable record of service to his 
fellow men — a record repeated in scores of sav- 
age communities? 

VICES COMMON ON HEATHEN SOIL 

Moreover, the Christian missionary is engaged 
in a ceaseless endeavor to uplift the nations from 
the vices which flourish so vigorously on heathen 
soil. Review only a few of these evils and see what 
a gigantic task confronts him. 

Intemperance exists practically in every part of 
the world, but its worst phases are seen by the 
missionary. It neutralizes much of his best efforts. 

The opium habit exists in a large part of Asia. 
Not only the missionary, but the strong hand of the 
government is enlisted in the warfare against it, 
yet how deadly is its influence and how fearful its 
ravages in spite of both these forces leagued to- 
gether, largely, alas, due to the attitude of Christian 
Great Britain! 

Gambling in its many forms is so universal and 
so difficult to destroy that in our own and other 
civilized lands, its mischiefs, I fear, are today 
upon the increase. The missionaries doing their 
best to eradicate it in heathen lands are not to be 

iNew York Tribune, July 25, 1886. 
16 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

blamed if they are discouraged, when American 
women clothe themselves from their winnings, and 
pawn their jewels to pay their losses at bridge 
whist. Are the Chinese who ruin themselves at 
fan-tan, or the Filipino who bets on his game-cock, 
any worse? 

Immorality, polygamy, concubinage^, infanticide, 
and divorce are allied gigantic evils which the mis- 
sionary has to contend with on every hand. That 
the same evils exist here is true; but here they 
exist more or less surreptitiously and under protest, 
whereas in heathen lands they are open and legal. 

FAMILY LIFE 

In most heathen lands, while the love of father 
or mother for the children, it may be, is as strong 
as elsewhere, yet family lifcj as we know it, scarcely 
exists in most of heathendom. Quoting in part 
from Marshall's Principles of Economics, ^ Kidd ^ 
says : " The religious movement of the sixteenth 
century deepened the character of the people, * re- 
acted on their habits of life, and gave a tone to 
their industry.' Family life was intensified, so 
much so, that ' the family relations of those races 
which have adopted the reformed religion are the 
richest and fullest of earthly feeling; there never 
iVol.i. 34, 35. 

2 Social Evolution, p. 297. 
17 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

has been before any material of texture at once so 
strong and so fine with which to build up a noble 
fabric of social life/ '' 

The object lesson of the daily home life of a 
Christian family in its tender care, especially for 
the feeble and the suffering, its pervading courtesy 
and love, its purity and moral example, can never 
be lost upon a heathen people often practically 
destitute of such ideals. 

No better testimony could be given than that 
of the Japan Gazette j ^ which said, as Dr. and 
Mrs. Hepburn were leaving Japan, and with an 
imperial decoration, after thirty-three years of resi- 
dence there: "We may rest quite assured that it 
was the daily life of Dr. Hepburn and his fel- 
low workers in the early days which moved Japan 
first to tolerate and then to welcome missionaries to 
these shores, and it is to the missionaries that Japan 
owes the greater part of her present advancement. 
The missionary has been Japan's instructor, an in- 
fluence wholly for enlightenment and good." And 
the Japan Mail ^ said : 

" No single person has done so much to bring 
foreigners and Japanese into close intercourse. Hi« 
dictionary was the first book that gave access to 
the language of the country and remains to this 

1 October 19, 1902. 
^ October 18, 1902. 
18 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

day the best available interpreter of that language; 
but even more than his dictionary has helped to 
facilitate mutual acquaintance has his life assisted 
to break down the old barriers of racial prejudice 
and distrust.'* 

THE DEGRADATION OF WOMEN 

The position of women in the East and in Africa 
has always excited the sympathy and philanthropic 
labors of the missionary. Practically she is largely 
an article of barter and sale, often a slave, and 
never the one companion of her husband, the one 
mother of his children, his comforter and coun- 
sellor, his good angel. That she is entitled to equal 
property rights, to loyal affection, to an education, 
and, if necessary, that this education should give 
her an honorable support, has never been dreamed 
of. Yet exactly this position in the social fabric 
Is what Christian missions claim for her and in 
many ways are securing for her. " If the mission- 
aries had done nothing else for China," says Colonel 
Denby, for thirteen years American minister there, 
" the amelioration of the condition of the women 
would be glory enough." ^ 

The needle of a missionary's wife opened the 
zenanas of India to Christian missions.^ 

1 Denby: China and Her People, p. 228. 
' Pierson*s Crisis in Missions, pp. 170-1 and 183. 
19 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

We all know something of the dreadful cruelties 
of child marriage. The medical women of India 
know these far better than any others, and even 
for very shame's sake, they cannot depict them in 
plain speech. We know, too, something of the 
former cruelties of Indian suttee and the existing 
dismal state of Hindu widows, many of them mere 
children; but we do not appreciate how dreadful 
are these daily tortures, nor that, according to 
Dubois,^ there are not less than 25,000,000 of these 
poor unfortunates — a number nearly equal to one- 
third of the entire population of the United States! 
Here are gigantic evils in society which the mission- 
ary is doing his best to abolish; and, thank God, 
he is making increasing headway. 

SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE 

In Africa, slavery and the slave trade are partly 
things of the past, due largely to the exertions and 
influence of Livingstone and other missionaries. 
What crimes that cried to heaven for vengeance 
were committed while they lasted, it is impossible 
to describe. Society owes a large debt of grati- 
tude to the strong men and women who by their 
protests and appeals finally achieved these results. 
John Howard, William Wilberforce and Elizabeth 
Fry are names hallowed in the annals of English 

1 Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies, ii. 356. 
20 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

philanthropy, and justly so. Their counterparts, 
found in many an African mission station, have 
received their reward in blessings from liberated 
slaves and from their Heavenly Father. 

But this work is not yet finished. The " open 
sore of the world " still exists on the Congo. Op- 
pression, cruelty, murder, and nameless outrages 
are still perpetrated there upon the poor blacks 
who have no powerful friends at court, no Hebrew 
rabbis, no American Ambassadors like Straus, and 
no English Premiers like Gladstone, as Russian 
Jews, Armenians and Bulgarians have had. Who 
has stirred the blood of Christendom to protest 
against these outrages? Brave missionaries, who, 
having witnessed them, cry aloud without ceasing. 
Were they to hold their peace, the very stones would 
utter a protest. Misrepresentation, abuse, and cal- 
lous indifference in many high quarters have stood 
in their way, but so sure as there is a just God in 
heaven, so surely will their cry at last be heard, 
and Leopold of Belgium will cease to hoard up 
gold, every piece of which is besmeared with the 
life-blood of some poor African.^ 

^ Even as this address was read came the news of a law 
recently enacted on the Congo, by which any person (and whom 
could this mean but the missionaries ?) convicted of slandering an 
official (how easy such a conviction by interested judges !) could 
be condemned to five years in an African jail under the Equator 
— a sentence equivalent to death to a European. Under its 
provisions one missionary had already been arrested, a thousand 
miles from those who could serve as witnesses in his behalf ! 

21 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

Cruel and barbarous punishments, human sac- 
rifices, and cannabalism have been largely, and, in 
many places completely, abandoned as a result of 
missionary efforts, and Christian peace and civiliza- 
tion have replaced them. Witness Fiji, Samoa, 
Hawaii, Africa, and many another mission field. 

Charles Darwan,^ certainly an impartial observer, 
says: "The success of the Terra del Fuego Mis- 
sion is most wonderful, and shames me, as I always 
prophesied utter failure. It is a grand success." 
Again in his Voyage of the Beagle, he says : * 
" The lesson of the missionary is the enchanter's 
wand ; " ^ a sentiment which finds an echo from 
Max Miiller, " I know of no nobler life than that 
of a true missionary," ^ and from the King of 
Siam, who declared, " American missionaries have 
done more to advance the welfare of my country 
and people than any other foreign influence." 

education: the result of evangelization 

I have already pointed out how inevitable it was 
that education, especially of the young, would soon 

1 Life and Letters, ii. 307. 

^p.452. 

' See also Voyage of the Beagle, American Edition, pp. 
437» 439> 44 1 > 44^, 452, 454-8, for further testimonies. 
* Chips from a German Workshop, iv. 316. 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETT 

be engrafted upon the early evangelistic efforts of 
the missionaries. 

Ignorance is the handmaid of superstition and 
vice. What Tuskegee and Hampton and Shaw 
University are doing for the black race in our coun- 
try must be done still more in heathen lands if the 
people are to be elevated and civilized. Not only 
must the masses be taught to read and write in 
order that the truths of the Bible and their litera- 
ture may be available, but educated native teachers 
and preachers also must be provided for them. It is 
impossible to send American and other missionaries 
in sufficient numbers to do all the great work 
needed among the many millions of Asia, Africa 
and Oceanica. Native teachers in large numbers 
must be educated. They, more than foreigners, can 
get close to the people and thoroughly understand 
them. 

Twenty years ago Pierson ^ stated that in sixty 
years, from a totally illiterate nation 300,000 of 
the inhabitants of Madagascar had learned to 
read. 

Especially is this educational progress necessary 
at present, when the whole East is entering upon 
a new life. China is a giant awakening from a 
long sleep. Within a year her escape from the 
educational thraldom of thirteen centuries has been 
1 Crisis in Missions, p. 263. 
33 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

announced by the abolition of the old examina- 
tions of her literati and the institution of examina- 
tions in Western learning in its place. Shall 
Christendom allow such an opportunity to escape? 
The soil has been upturned; shall we neglect to 
sow the seed? Never again will such a door be 
opened to us, and God will surely hold us account- 
able if we neglect this golden opportunity. 

Japan is advancing by leaps and bounds, and if, 
as is within an easy probability, she abandons her 
native tongue and adopts English as her national lan- 
guage. Great Britain and America will incur a 
new and almost staggering responsibility. 

The present movement in our own Church for 
a great advance along higher educational lines is 
eminently justified by the needs of the millions of 
the East and of Africa, by the intellectual awaken- 
ing just noted, by the signal success of past efforts, 
and by the fine example of other churches in dis- 
charging this urgent duty. 

At Rangoon I saw the splendid work of the late 
Dr. Cushing, and his colleagues, where now 
there are 800 students eager to learn and later to 
teach. At Beirut I have seen the Syrian Protestant 
College doing a superb work in education. In medi- 
cine alone they will supply educated physicians for 
all the Arabic- and Turkish-speaking countries to 
replace the present barbarous medicine from which 

24. 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

the people suffer so sadly. I have seen Robert Col- 
lege at Constantinople, from whose halls have is- 
sued the makers of modern Bulgaria. We need 
not three such colleges, but three hundred, if we 
would do the work of the Lord as it ought to be 
done. Oh, that our consecrated wealth could be 
poured into the coffers of God till they should be 
filled to overflowing! 

It is significant that the Emperor of Korea has 
suggested as a name for a Methodist institution of 
higher learning in that benighted land, Pai Chat 
Hak Fon^, — "Hall for Rearing Useful Men," 
— a name after " Poor Richard's '' own heart. 

Moreover, as in our own land, industrial train- 
ing is often as useful as the more intellectual. This 
is given in many places.^ Alexander M. Mackay 
IS known on the Victoria Nyanza as the " indus- 
trial missionary," who has won his way by his car- 
pentering quite as much as by his teaching. Every 
time you see a soldier clad in khakis it should re- 
mind you that this fast-brown dye was discovered 
by Haller of the Basel African Mission, who, by 
his industrial education, as Dennis finely expresses 
It, has changed a " Pagan liability " into a " Chris- 
tian asset." 

In Dennis' Centennial Survey of Foreign Mis- 

^See Noble's Redemption of Africa, ii. 562, and Den- 
nis, ii. 152. 

25 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

sions there are catalogued 94 missionary univer- 
sities and colleges with 36,000 students, 179 
industrial training schools with over 9,000 students, 
879 high schools and seminaries with 85,00 pupils, 
and nearly 19,000 day schools with almost a million 
students! Surely James Bryce is right when he 
says, ** The gospel and the mission schools are at 
present the most truly civilizing influence which 
work upon the natives, and upon these mflu- 
ences, more than on any other agency, does the 
progress of the colored race depend." ^ 

PHILOLOGY LINKED WITH EDUCATION 

Inextricably interwoven with education is the 
science of language. Existing languages in highly 
developed form like Chinese, Japanese, Hindu- 
stani and Arabic had to be learned by the mission- 
aries. That this is no light task we all can well 
believe. Indeed we can almost agree with Milne 
when he epigrammatically describes learning Chi- 
nese as " work for men with bodies of brass, lungs 
of steel, heads of oak, hands of spring steel, eyes 
of eagles, hearts of apostles, memories of angels, 
and lives of Methuselah." ^ 

But bad as is this situation, many missionaries 
are confronted with a far worse one; that is, with 
1 Impressions of South Africa, p. 393. 
* Dennis, iii. p. 413. 
26 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

languages which are only spoken and have no writ- 
ten alphabet whatever. Imagine yourself set down 
in France, Germany, or Italy without any written 
language and obliged to devise a written alphabet 
to represent these spoken languages; or still worse, 
that you lived among African tribes with sounds and 
gurgles utterly foreign to your ear and tongue — 
how think you would you succeed in giving them 
not only a written language, but a literature? Is 
It any wonder that it took Judson twenty-seven 
years to translate the Bible into Burmese? 

Listen to the predicament of Mr. Richards of 
Mozambique, who writes, ^ " These people had 
never heard of ink till we brought it to them. 
There was no history, no book, no dictionary, no 
alphabet, not a single idea as to how thought and 
words could be transferred to paper and from 
paper into the comprehension of one who had 
never heard the words before they were trans- 
ferred to paper. They could not tell what paper 
was, but called it a ' leaf.' " ^ 

Yet in the face of these difficulties, apparently 
almost insurmountable, of the 600 spoken languages 
^ Dennis, iii. 419, 

*Any one wishing to realize the prodigious difficulty of 
reducing spoken to written speech should read the amusing 
as well as instructive account given by Rev. Henry Richards 
in Pentecost on the Congo, page 6, published by the American 
Baptist Missionary Union, Boston, Mass. 

27 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

and dialects of Africa, 200 have been reduced to 
writing. Many of them were on the point of ex- 
tinction and have since become extinct. They 
would have been utterly lost to philology had it 
not been for the missionaries. Perhaps half as 
many more languages in other parts of the world, 
that is, 300 languages in all, have been reduced to 
writing and preserved. " No other motive is con- 
ceivable," says Dr. Cust, the celeberated phi- 
lologist,^ " to induce men of scholarship and indus- 
try to run the risk of disease and death for the 
purpose of reducing to writing the form of speech 
of downright savages, except for the one purpose 
of religious instruction'^ ^ Is it any wonder, 
then, that he says, " The missionary appears to me 
to be the highest type of human excellence in the 
nineteenth century, and his profession to be the 
noblest ? " ^ 

The debt of philologists to missionary labors has 
been repeatedly acknowledged by many of the lead- 
ing linguists of all lands. The late Professor 
Whitney of Yale, the distinguished Orientalist, 
says: " I have a strong realization of the value of 
missionary labors to science. The American Ori- 
ental Society has been much dependent on them for 

1 Dennis, iii. 422. 
2 Italics my own. w. w. K, 
3 Pierson ; Crisis in Missions, p. 254. 
28 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

Its usefulness. There would hardly be occasion for 
the Society at all, but for them^ ^ 

Few missionary languages, even those most de- 
veloped, had even a dictionary. We owe to mis- 
sionary philologists nearly 150 dictionaries, includ- 
ing the earliest ones of Ulfilas for the Goths, Cyril 
for the Slavs, our own Eliot's for the American In- 
dians, Hepburn's for the Japanese, Morrison's and 
S. Wells Williams' for the Chinese, Jaschke's and 
Heyde's for the Tibetans, Judson's and Stevns' for 
the Burmese, Brown's for the Telugus, etc. The 
oldest inscription in Phoenician characters and one 
of the most important philological discoveries of 
modern times, (second only perhaps to that of the 
Rosetta stone and the celebrated Nestorian tablet^ 
discovered by Bridgman, in China), was the finding 
of the Moabite stone by Rev. F. A. Klein, the mis- 
sionary, in 1868. The letters of Rev. W. K. Eddy 
to the London Times first called attention to the 
superb sarcophagi at Sidon, now among the price- 
less treasures of the museum in Constantinople.^ 

Up to 1 901, the Bible itself had been translated 

into 475 languages, of which 432 translations were 

made in the nineteenth century, an unparalleled 

series of philological achievements. Well may we 

^Liggins: The Great Value and Success of Foreign 
Missions, pp. 223-4. Italics my own. w. w. K. 
2 Ely Volume, p. 172. 
^ Dennis, iii. 429. 

29 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

call It, after St. Chrysostom, " The " Book. No 
other can compare with it in number of copies, in 
universality of circulation, or in the worth of its 
contents. 

GEOGRAPHY 

That geography owes a large debt to missionaries 
no American can doubt when he remembers the 
early Jesuit missionaries whose names are so famil- 
iar to us: Pere Marquette, Hennepin, La Salle, 
Le Jeune, and others. The great Northwest and 
its lakes and the Mississippi are redolent with their 
memories. The thrilling story of how Oregon and 
the whole northwest Pacific coast was saved to the 
United States by the heroic midwinter ride of Rev. 
Marcus Whitman, and his interviews with Daniel 
Webster, then Secretary of State, and with Presi- 
dent Tyler, is well told in the Missionary Herald ^ 
and the Ely Volume. ^ 

When starting on one of his journeys, Living- 
stone wrote : " Cannot the love of Christ carry the 
missionary where the slave-trade carries the trader? 
... I shall open up a path to the interior or perish. 
I have never had the shadow of a shade of doubt 
as to the propriety of my course." And, at a later 
period, when almost dying for want of food, " Took 

^1869, pp. 76-80. 

^ Pp. 13-15- 
30 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

my belt up three holes to relieve hunger " is the 
pathetic note in his journal. 

Africa in the nineteenth century is the counter- 
part of America in the sixteenth, and Livingstone 
has been well called the " Columbus of Africa." 
Numberless have been both the travelers and the 
missionaries who have explored its interior, which, 
when I studied geography, was labelled " terra in- 
cognita!* and the maps showed the " Mountains of 
the Moon/' Now these mountains are known to 
be myths, but the sources of the Nile have been at 
last discovered, and the whole continent mapped 
largely by missionaries. Livingstone alone trav- 
eled 29,000 miles in its interior and added one 
million square miles, or one-twelfth of its area, to 
the known regions of the globe. Even Speke, who 
discovered the great lakes, Tanganyika and Victoria, 
said : " The missionaries were the prime and first 
promoters of that expedition.*' The Victoria Falls 
on the Zambesi, the greatest in the world, far 
exceeding our own Niagara, were first seen by 
Livingstone of all civilized men, and Mounts Kili- 
manjaro and Kenia, worthy rivals of Mount Blanc, 
were first discovered by Krapf and Rebman. 

Moreover, wherever missionary geographers 
went, they naturally described the people and the 
flora and fauna of the land, thus making important 
contributions to natural history, to comparative 

31 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

anatomy, to the industrial resources of the world, 
and, in one way or another, to nearly every science. 
Thus, to name only a few notable examples, we 
owe to missionaries the introduction in the West of 
sorghum, of African rubber, and of the silkworm,^ 
at present of such enormous commercial value. 
The jinrikisha was devised by Jonathan Goble, and 
the strange discovery of that before practically un- 
known animal, the gorilla, was due to a missionary. 

In 1847 the great comparative anatomist, Rich- 
ard Owen, for the first time gave a scientific de- 
scription of the gorilla. It was based upon a skull 
sent from Africa by Dr, Savage, a mission- 
ary, and Professor Owen named it after him 
(Troglodytes, or Gorilla, Savagei). A year earlier. 
Dr. Leighton Wilson, another missionary, ^ had 
sent a skull to the Boston Society of Natural 
History, and still later the complete skeleton of a 
gorilla, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences 
of Philadelphia, was obtained from Dr. Nassau. 

Robinson and Smith's Researches in Palestine, 
Mt. Sinai, and Arabai Petraea, and Thomson's 
The Land and the Book are well known to 
every one. They completely revolutionized the 
former ideas of the geography of Palestine; and 

1 Ely Volume, p. 143. 
2 Whitney : Oriental and Linguistic Studies, second 
series, p. 1 01. 

32 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

the more modern Palestine explorations both by 
the British and the American societies owe a large 
debt to missionary labors. 

The Princeton Review ^ says: ** Our missionaries 
have rendered more real service to geography than 
all the geographical societies of the world." 

Mr. G. M. Powell, of the Oriental Topographi- 
cal Corps, in a paper read before the American In- 
stitute, says : ^ " Probably no source of knowledge 
in this department has been so vast, varied, and pro- 
lific as the investigations and contributions of mis- 
sionaries. They have patiently collected and truth- 
fully transmitted much exact and valuable geo- 
graphical knowledge, and all without money and 
without price, though it would have cost millions 
to secure it in any other way." ^ 

DIPLOMACY 

The intimate acquaintance of the missionary with 
the habits, modes of thought of the people, and 
their languages has made them very frequently 
of great value, especially to British and American 
diplomatists, as is frequently noted by Hon. John 
W. Foster, lately American Secretary of State, in 
his American Diplomacy in the Orient: 

^ Vol. xxxviii. p. 622. 
* Missionary Herald, 1875, p. 120. 
' Ely Volume, pp. 3-5. 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

" The well-known English missionary and Chi- 
nese interpreter, Dr. Robert Morrison, was the 
chief interpreter of the Amherst Embassy in 1816, 
and he acted as the official interpreter and trusted 
adviser of the British Government and the East 
India Company at Canton for twenty-five years. 
During the Opium War, and in the peace negotia- 
tions, Dr. GutzlafE, the German missionary 
and historian, was in the employ of the British Gov- 
ernment, as interpreter and adviser, and was most 
useful in the negotiations. He was also of service 
to the government of the United States in a similar 
capacity. . . . When Mr. Roberts was sent by the 
American Government to negotiate treaties with 
Siam and other Oriental countries, he first went to 
Canton and there engaged the services as interpre- 
ter of Mr. J. R. Morrison, the son of Dr. Mor- 
rison. . . . 

" These instances are cited to show what an im- 
portant part the missionaries have borne in the in- 
ternational relations of the Pacific. The instances 
might be multiplied, and a detailed examination of 
these relations will disclose that up to the middle of 
the last century the Christian missionaries were an 
absolute necessity to diplomatic intercourse." ^. . . . 

1 American Diplomacy in the Orient, by John W. 
Foster, pp. no, in. 

34 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

" Minister Denby, who, from his long official 
residence in China, was the most competent judge, 
in a despatch to the Department of State, said of 
the missionaries, * that their influence is beneficial 
to the natives; that the arts and sciences and civil- 
ization are greatly spread by their efforts; that 
many useful Western books are translated by them 
into Chinese; and that they are the leaders in all 
charitable work. ... In the interest, therefore, of 
civilization, missionaries ought not only to be tol- 
erated, but ought to receive protection ; ' " i and 
again, " Believe nobody when he sneers at mission- 
aries. The man is simply not posted on the work.'' ^ 

Dr. Peter Parker and Rev. E. C. Bridgman, 
missionaries in China, were made the Chinese sec- 
retaries of Caleb Cushing's Embassy in 1844. Dr. 
Parker twice served as charge d'affaires in China. 
He was made full commissioner to negotiate with 
the Chinese Government in 1856. 

Rev. Dr. S. Wells Williams accompanied Com- 
modore Perry in 1853 in his first visit to Japan as 
his chief interpreter. Hon. Wiliam B. Reed, our 
minister to China, later made him secretary of lega- 
tion upon the promotion of Dr. Peter Parker. Dr. 
W. A. P. Martin, a Presbyterian missionary, also 
was one of Mr. Reed's most zealous assistants. 
Dr. Williams' Middle Kingdom and his Chinese 
1 Foster, loc. cit, p. 412. ^ Liggins, p. 27. 
35 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

Dictionary are enduring monuments of his linguistic 
attainments. For over twenty years he acted as 
secretary and often as charge d'affaires of the 
American legation in China. 

Hon. William B. Reed, our minister to China, 
with whom Dr. Williams had served, says of 
him : " He is the most learned man in his varied 
information I have ever met. . . . He is the most 
habitually religious man I have ever seen." ^ 

To this Minister Reed elsewhere adds: *' I went 
to the East with no enthusiasm as to missionary 
enterprise. I came back with the fixed conviction 
that missionaries are the great agents of civiliza- 
tion. I could not have advanced one step in the 
discharge of my duties, could not have read or 
written or understood one word of correspondence 
on treaty stipulations, but for the missionaries." ^ 

The diplomatic services of Dr. Judson are 
too well known to be described, and the present 
British Ambassador to the United States, Sir Mor- 
timer Durand, has lately given him full credit. 

But time fails me even to sketch in barest out- 
line the manifold services of missionaries to geol- 
ogy, meteorology, anthropology, ethnography, folk- 
lore, numismatics, music, history, and many philan- 
thropic agencies for the betterment of mankind. 
For these I must refer you to the copious litera- 
1 Foster, pp. 273-4. ^xhe Envelope Series, April, 1905, p. 2i. 

36 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

ture of missions, and especially to the Ely volume 
on Missions and Science, edited by Rev. Thomas 
Laurie, D. D. ; The Great Value and Success of 
Foreign Missions, by Rev. John Liggins; Are For- 
eign Missions Doing any Good? (London, 1894) > 
and to Christian Missions and Social Progress, by 
Rev. Dr. James S. Dennis, and the same author's 
Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions. 

To give a general idea, however, of the wide 
scope of the missionary contributions to science, I 
asked my friend. Rev. Frank S. Dobbins,^ to go 
over the Royal Society's catalogue of scientific 
papers, Silliman's Journal, and other scientific peri- 
odicals, the Journal and Proceedings of the Royal 
Geographical Society and the various Asiatic Soci- 
eties, in order to discover with some approach to 
completeness to what an extent the missionaries had 
distinctly contributed to scientific literature as such. 

To these statistics are to be added a considerable 
number of papers unavoidably overlooked in such a 
rapid search, and the numerous papers of a scientific 
character in the Missionary Herald, which Carl 
Ritter, " the prince of geographers," says, *' is the 

1 Throughout the preparation of this paper I have had the 
hearty and most intelligent assistance of Mr. Dobbins. I 
also wish to acknowledge the valuable cooperation of Miss 
M. E. Emerson, the reference librarian of the Providence 
Public Library, and of Mr, Herbert Putnam, the accomplished 
librarian of the Library of Congress. 

Z7 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

repository to which the reader must look to find the 
most valuable documents that have ever been sent 
over by any society, and where a rich store of scien- 
tific, historical, and antiquarian details may be 
seen." ^ 

Mr. Dobbins has found 520 scientific papers, of 
which 

108 concern geography, 

89 geology, 

56 botany, 

48 philology, 

44 sociology, 

18 numismatology, 

18 comparative religion, 

19 archaeology, 
10 meteorology, 

and the remaining no have to deal with almost 
every other branch of science. 

Of 130 separate articles in the first volume of 
the Asiatic Society Journal (North China branch), 
52 are by Protestant missionaries, and out of the 
2,936 pages in the first six volumes of the Journal 
of the American Oriental Society, 1,215, almost 
one half, are by missionaries. 

Moreover, when the Council of the Asiatic Soci- 
ety (North China branch) seeks for scientific in- 
formation by circular letters of inquiry on such 

1 Ely Volume, p. 3. 
38 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

subjects as " Inland Communications in China/' 
" Coins, Measures, and Weights," ^* Tenure of 
Land,'' "Infanticide," etc., they always send 
letters to the missionaries, and the replies from mis- 
sionaries frequently outweigh both in number and 
importance those received from others. 

The extent to which the labors of the mission- 
aries, both evangelistic, scientific, and sociological 
have been recognized by officials, scientists and 
travelers, as I have investigated the subject, has 
been a matter of gratification and surprise. I can- 
not possibly take the time to quote more than a 
very few of the most important. Even of their 
names, I can mention but a few, but these few are 
of weight since they represent a non-missionary 
constituency who as a rule at least would not be 
prejudiced in favor of missions, including as it 
does (see Bibliography, p. 41): 

Scientists like Charles Darwin (i), Alfred Rus- 
sell Wallace (2), Benjamin Silliman (3), Louis 
Agassiz (4), Lewis H. Morgan^ (5), Prof. J. D. 
Dana (6) ; 

Officers of the Army and Navy, such as Gen- 
eral Sir Herbert B. Edwardes (7), Admiral Wilkes 
(8), Admiral Belknap (9), Captain Younghus- 
band (10), Major Macdonald (11), Captain 
Manning (12) ; 

Travelers, such as Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop 
39 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

(13), Miss Gordon Cumming (14), William E. 
Curtis (15), and Hon. Richard H. Dana (16); 

Viceroys of India, such as Lord Northbrook 
(17), Lord Lawrence (18), and Lord Duf- 
ferin (19) ; 

Lieutenant-Governors of various Indian Prov- 
inces, such as Lord Napier and Ettrick (20), Sir 
Augustus Thompson (21), Sir William Muir 
(22), Sir Bartle Frere (23), Sir Charles Elliott 
(24), Sir Charles Aitchison (25), Sir Richard 
Temple (26), and Sir William W. Hunter (27), 
two of the greatest of many great Anglo-Indian 
administrators ; 

Embassadors and Ministers in the Diplomatic 
Service, such as George P. Marsh (28), General 
Lew Wallace (29), E. F. Noyes (30), S. G. W. 
Benjamin (31), D. B. Sickles (32), Lord Strat- 
ford de Redcliffe (33), Col Alfred E. Buck (34), 
Hon. William B. Reed (35), Sir Philip Currie 
(36), Col. Charles Denby (37), John W. Fostei 
(38), Sir Ernest Satow (39), Edward H. Con- 
ger (40), Sir Mortimer Durand (41), and 
James B. Angell (42) ; 

Statesmen, such as Lord Palmerston (43), Hon. 
James Bryce (44), the Marquis of Salisbury (45), 
Count Okuma (46), and President McKin- 

ley (47) ; 

40 



TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 

Philologists, such as Max Miiller (48), Robert 
N. Cust (49), and W. D. Whitney (50) ; 

Explorers, such as EHsha Kent Kane (51), and 
Sir Henry M. Stanley (52) ; 

Writers, such as Robert Louis Stevenson (53), 
Julian Hawthorne (54), Sir Edwin Arnold 
(55), and William T. Stead (56) ; 

And, finally, representatives of the nations to 
whom missionaries are sent, such as the Chinese 
Commissioners only lately in New York, who said : 
**We take pleasure this evening in bearing testi- 
mony to the part taken by American mission- 
aries in promoting the progress of the Chinese 
people. They have borne the light of Western 
civilization into every nook and corner of the em- 
pire. They have rendered inestimable service 
to China by the laborious task of translating into 
the Chinese language religious and scientific works 
of the West. They help us to bring happiness and 
comfort to the poor and the suffering by the es- 
tablishment of hospitals and schools. The awaken- 
ing of China, which now seems to be at hand, may 
be traced in no small measure to the hand of the 
missionary. For this service you will find China 
not ungrateful " (57). 

Such is the story of nearly a century of mission- 
ary effort. Is it not a cheering report of wonderful 
progress? Karen and Telugu, Shan and Indian, 

41 



THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS 

Chinese and Burman, African and Terra del Fue- 
gian, all are bowing the knee in loving adoration 
of the Lord Christ, and all advancing in civilization, 
in social progress, in the arts and comforts of life, 
in freedom from disease, in happiness and in 
purity of living. 

May the time soon come when all the nations 
of the earth may join with us in the stately 
chorus, "Hallelujah! Hallelujah! For the Lord 
God Omnipotent Reigneth!" 



NOTES 

Note i p. 5. In his preface to the History of the English 
People, which is undoubtedly the best English history of the 
century, John Richard Green says : " If some of the conventional 
figures of military and political history occupy in my pages less 
than the space usually given to them, it is because I have had to 
find a place for figures little heeded in common history, the fig- 
ures of the missionary, the poet, the printer, the merchant and 
the philosopher." 

Note 2 p. 12. *' In 1822 the Chief Justice, Honorable E. 
Fitzgerald stated that while in ten years the population had 
increased ixom. 4,000 to 16,000 the number of criminal cases *** 
h-didi fallen from forty to six, and that of the six not one was from 
any of the villages under a missionary or a schoolmaster." 
(Are Foreign Missions Doing any Good p. 45 ?) 



42 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



1. Darwin: Life and Letters, ii, 307. Voyage of the 
Beagle, 437 to 458. Liggins, the Great Value and 
Success of Foreign Missions, 202. 

2. Wallace, A. R. : Malay Archipelago, 210. 

3. Silliman: Liggins, 224. Ely Volume, Missions and 
Science, 122. 

4. Agassiz : Liggins, 224. Ely Volume, 122. 

5 . Morgan : * ^Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of 
the Human Race, Smithsonian Contributions to 
Knowledge," xvii, pp. 8 and 9. 

6. Dana: Ely Volume, 137. (From Dana's 
"Geology.") 

7. Edwardes : Liggins, 84-87 and 95. 

8. Wilkes : Liggins, 198. 

9. Belknap: The Envelope Series, Vol. viii. No. i, 
April 1905, 21. (American Board of Commiss- 
ioners for Foreign Missions, Boston.) 

I o. Youngkusband: The Missionary Question in China, 
in the Heart of the Continent. (From the Chris- 
tian Missionary Intelligencer y August 1896, 635.) 

1 1 . Macdonald ; Soldiering and Surveying in British East 
Africa, 143. 

12. Manning : Church of Scotland Home and Foreign 
Missionary Record, September 1896, 281. 

43 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1 3 . Bishop : Heathen Claims and Christian Duty. 

(American Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions, Boston, 1 900.) 

14. CuMMiNG : Wanderings in China, i, 204. At 
Home in Fiji. 

15. Curtis : The Yankees of the East, ii, 424-5, 
429-30, 435-7. 

16. Dana : Ely Volume, 212, 444. Liggins, 2, 187. 

17. NoRTHBROOK : Liggins, 95. 

18. Sir Richard Temple: Life of Lord Lawrence, 

199. 

19. DuFFERiN : Independent Testimonies Concerning 

Christian Work. (London Church Missionary 
Society. ) 

20. Napier and Ettrick: Liggins, 97. From the //(?;57^- 
ward Mail, November 27, 1871. 

21. Thompson : Liggins, 96. 

22. MuiR : Liggins, 98. From the Mildmay Missionary 
Conference, 1876. 

23. Frere : Liggins, 98. 

24. Elliott : Chamberlain, The Cobra's Den, 238. 

25. AiTCHisoN : Liggins, loi. 

26. Temple: Oriental Experiences, 155, 159, 161. 
India in 1880, 176. Ely Volume, 463. Liggins, 
79, 99, 100. 

44 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

27. Hunter : India of the Queen, xvi, 214, 216-7, 
219. Liggins, 103-05. 

28. Marsh : Liggins, 209-10. 

29. Wallace, Gen. Lew : The Envelope Series, viii. 
No. I, April 1905, 8. Liggins, 210-11. 

30. Noyes : Ely Volume, 379, 424. Liggins, 228. 

3 1 . Benjamin : Liggins, 171. From Persia and the 
Persians. 

32. Sickles: Liggins, 192. Yromt\it Foreign Mission^ 
ary. May 1886. 

33. DeRedcliffe : Liggins, 207-8. Yromxht Missionary 
Herald, January 1859, 

34. Buck : Edward Abbott, New York Evening Post, 
December 19, 1903. The Envelope Series, Vol. 
viii, No. I, April 1905. (American Board of Com- 
missioners for Foreign Missions. Boston, 1 900. ) 

35. Reed: The Envelope Series, viii. No. i, April 

1905, 26. 

36. CuRRiE : The Congregationalist, November 19, 

1896, in Dennis, ii, 54-5. 

37. Denby : China and Her People, i, 212-235. Lig- 
gins, 27. From the Missionary Review, Foster's 
American Diplomacy in the Orient, 412. 

38. Foster : American Diplomacy in the Orient, 107-8, 

109-11, 1 14-15, 386-7, 411-12. Student Volun- 
teer Convention, Nashville, March 1906. 

39. Satow : Dennis, iii, 446. 

40. Conger : A recent address sent to me in a personal 
communication. 

45 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

41. DuRAND : Address before the Student Volunteer 
Convention, Nashville, March 3, 1906. 

42. Angell : Liggins, 6 1 . Address at the Annual Meet- 
ing of the American Board of Commissioners, 
October 1883. 

43. Palmerston : Are Foreign Missions Doing any 
Good, pp. 17-18. 

44. Bryce : Trans-Caucasia and Ararat, new edition, 
467-8. Impressions of South Africa, 1897, pp. 
384, et seqq, 

45. Salisbury : Church Missionary Intelligencer y April, 

1904, 291. 

46. Okuma : Sherer's Young Japan, 311. 

47. President McKinley : Dennis' Centennial Survey 
of Christian Missions, 68. 

48. MuLLER : Chips from a German Workshop, iv. 
Lecture on Missions, 238. Vitality of Brahman- 
ism, 296. 

49. CusT : Liggins, 23, 33-4, 209. From the Lan- 
guages of Africa. 

50. Whitney: Journalof the American Oriental Society, 
vii, p. Ivii, 9, p. 16. Ely Volume, 4, 193. 

5 I . Kane : Arctic Explorations, ii, 121. 

52. Stanley: Atlantic Monthly, October, 1897,475; 
Darkest Africa, Vol. ii; Independent Testimonies 
Concerning Missionary Work, pp. 3 and 4. 
(London Church Missionary Society.) Pierson, 
The Crisis in Missions, pp. 125-6. 
46 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

53. Stevenson : In the South Seas, 89, 

54. Hawthorne: C^/;77<?/><?////7;i?, September 1897, 517. 

55. Arnold : ToutW s Companiofty September 13, 1900, 
443- 

56. Stead : Africa, Its Partition and Its Future, by 
Stanley and others. New York, 1898, 54-5. 

57. The Outiooky February 10, 1906, 291. 

58. Testimony by other Orientals to the value of Chris- 
tian Missions may be found in Max Muller's Chips 
from a German Workshop, iv, 285 ; Liggins, 105 
to no; Dennis, ii, 60-62, 410-11. 

Are Foreign Missions Doing any Good ? By the 
author of Foreign Missions and Home calls, and 
dedicated to the Speaker of the House of Commons, 
London. Eliiot Stock, 1894, has many other 
quotations from Orientals, Indian administrators and 
others. 

531-1 Ed. 3500 6-06. Price per dozen, $i,oo 



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